---
title: "COVID-19 and Socioeconomic Status"
author: "Group 5"
date: 
output: 
  flexdashboard::flex_dashboard:
    vertical_layout: fill
    source_code: embed
---



An Overview of COVID-19 {data-orientation=rows}
======================================================


```{r setup_1, include=FALSE}
library(flexdashboard)
```

Rows {data-height=350}
---

### **Main objective**

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Our task is to investigate data related to COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, and examine the mortality of COVID-19 in relation to socioeconomic factors. 

**Ratio of Case Types to the Population in 2021** 
```{r ratios}

#importing libraries
library("wbstats")
library(httr)
library(stringr)
library(tidyr)
library(jsonlite)
library(readxl)
library(dplyr)
library(plyr)
library(zoo)

#reading in world-bank data and setting as pops2021 object
pops2021 <- as.data.frame(wb_data("SP.POP.TOTL", country = "all", start_date = 2021, end_date = 2021))

#Filtering out or removing values with digits in iso2c column, along with NA values
pops2021_2 <- filter(pops2021, !grepl("[0-9]", iso2c)) 
pops2021_2 <- pops2021_2[!is.na(pops2021_2$iso2c),]
pops2021_2 <- pops2021_2 %>% drop_na(iso2c)

#Removing columns from country-column that have select labels
pops2021_2 <- filter(pops2021_2, !grepl("countries", country)) 
pops2021_2 <- filter(pops2021_2, !grepl("only", country)) 
pops2021_2 <- filter(pops2021_2, !grepl("income", country)) 
pops2021_2 <- filter(pops2021_2, !grepl("total", country)) 
pops2021_2 <- filter(pops2021_2, !grepl("blend", country)) 
pops2021_2 <- filter(pops2021_2, !grepl("Union", country))
pops2021_2 <- filter(pops2021_2, !grepl("&", country))
pops2021_2 <- filter(pops2021_2, !grepl("area", country))  
pops2021_2 <- filter(pops2021_2, !grepl("members", country))  
pops2021_2 <- filter(pops2021_2, !grepl("North America", country))  
pops2021_2 <- filter(pops2021_2, !grepl("Sub", country))  
pops2021_2 <- filter(pops2021_2, !grepl("Union", country))  

#Taking sum of population for all countries to get global world population
world_pop <- sum(as.numeric(pops2021$SP.POP.TOTL), na.rm = T)

#Taking data from Covid-API and setting as res_object
res <- VERB("GET", url = "https://covid19-stats-api.herokuapp.com/api/v1/cases?")

#Retrieving total amount of confirmed cases, deaths and recovered cases from World Bank datset 
totalconfirmed_cases <- content(res)$confirmed
totalconfirmed_deaths <- content(res)$deaths
totalconfirmed_recovered <- content(res)$recovered

#Determining ratios of total amount of confirmed cases, deaths and recovered cases as compared to global populations 
ratios <- matrix(c((world_pop/totalconfirmed_cases), (world_pop/totalconfirmed_deaths), (world_pop/totalconfirmed_recovered)))
colnames(ratios) <- c('Number cases over population')
rownames(ratios) <- c('Cases', 'Deaths','Recovered')
ratios <- as.table(ratios)
ratios
```

### **Data Source**

Data was retrieved from Novel Coronavirus COVID-19 API and the World Bank API. 

![](https://www.unicef.org/chad/sites/unicef.org.chad/files/styles/media_large_image/public/World-Bank.jpg){width=40%}           ![](https://covid-19-apis.postman.com/static/covid19-image-2-eba8830c28c59886ad33f5e26f143a76.png){width=50%}

Row {data-height=380}
-------------------------------------------
### **World Bank API data**
```{r, fig.cap="This data was last updated July 20, 2022 <br> NYP.GDP.MKTP.CD - indicator of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in current USD                                                                   <br> iso2c - 2 digit country code                                      <br> iso3c - 3 digit country code"}
df <- wb_data(
  country = "all",
  indicator = "NY.GDP.MKTP.CD")
df <- df %>% select(-unit,-obs_status,-footnote,-last_updated)
DT::datatable(df)
```


Socioeconomic Factors {data-orientation=rows}
==================================================

We chose to evaluate the spread of COVID-19 in relation to a select number of socioeconomic factors. After preliminary analysis we chose Healthcare Expenditure as % of GDP as the most impactful 
metric in helping assess covid mortality and case-count data.   

**Table 1:** Socioeconomic factors.

|Socioeconomic Factor|Measure|Categories|
  |:---:|:---------------:|:--------------:|
  |Education|Literacy Rate in females above 15 yrs| <= 0.5: Extremely low <br> <= 3.9:Low <br> <= 6.5: Moderate <br> <= 11.9:High <br> > 11.9:Very high|
  |Income Level|Income in Dollars|Low income, Lower middle income, Upper middle income, High income|
  |Population Density|Population per square kilometer| <= 100: Extremely low <br> <= 250: Low <br> <= 500: Moderate <br> > 500: High|
  |Health|% of GDP| <= 1.5: Extremely low <br> <= 4.3: Low <br> <= 6.1: Moderate <br> <= 8.0: High <br> > 8.0: Very high|
  |Region|Geographical area|East Asia and Pacific, Europe and Central Asia, Latin America & the Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa, North America, South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa|
  |Income inequality|GINI Index|< 0.2 represents perfect income equality <br> 0.2–0.3: relative equality <br> 0.3–0.4: adequate equality <br> 0.4–0.5: big income gap <br>  above 0.5: severe income gap|

Healthcare Expenditure {data-orientation=columns}
======================================================


```{r setup_3, include=FALSE}
knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE, fig.width=10, fig.height=8)

#importing libraries 
library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)
library(terra)
library(stars)
library(sf)
library(terra)
library("raster")
library(raster)
library(rgeos)
library(tmap)
library(ggplot2)
library(wesanderson)
```

Column {.tabset}
-----------------------------------------


### Boxplot Analysis of Mortality 

```{r boxplot_death, echo = FALSE}
#Reading in newly-constructed datafile on health-expenditure in different countries, can see data used in Task4.R File  
health_exp_deaths <- readRDS("df_health_expenditure_deaths.RDS")

#Created a new column called Deaths per 100000 
health_exp_deaths$`Deaths per 100000` <- health_exp_deaths$deaths_per_capita * 100000

#Filtered out rows with NA-values for the health-expenditure category
health_exp_deaths <- health_exp_deaths %>%
  filter(!is.na(health_exp_deaths$df_health_conf_categories))

#Creating boxplot for number of deaths per 100 000 based on health-expenditure category type 
box_1 <- ggplot(health_exp_deaths, aes(x = df_health_conf_categories, y = `Deaths per 100000`, fill = df_health_conf_categories)) +  geom_bar(stat = "identity", na.rm=T) + scale_fill_manual(values = wes_palette("Zissou1")) + labs(y="Deaths per 100000",
       x="Healthcare Expenditure by % of GDP",   
       title="COVID mortality rate and Healthcare expenditure by % of GDP") +
  theme(legend.position="none")

box_1

```
**_NOTE:_** The ANOVA test found there was a significant difference between these categories in impacting COVID mortality. The post-hoc Tukey test found significant differences for High-Low, Very high-Low and High-Moderate health expenditure categories. 


```{r anova_mortality_health, include=FALSE}
#Performing ANOVA and Post-Hoc Tukey Test for Covid Mortality Data 
one.way_mort <- aov(health_exp_deaths$deaths_per_capita ~ health_exp_deaths$df_health_conf_categories, data = health_exp_deaths)
summary(one.way_mort)

tukey.test_healthexp <- TukeyHSD(one.way_mort)
tukey.test_healthexp
```


### Visual Scatterplot of Mortality
```{r scatterplot_death, echo = FALSE}
#Creating visual scatterplot of mortality-data for additional/alternate visualization of data 
scatter_1 <- ggplot(health_exp_deaths, aes(x = `2021`, y = `Deaths per 100000`)) + geom_point(aes(col=df_health_conf_categories)) +
  labs(y="Deaths per 100000",
       x="Healthcare Expenditure by % of GDP",   
       title="COVID mortality rate and Healthcare expenditure by % of GDP") +
  guides(col=guide_legend("Healthcare Expenditure"))

scatter_1

```


### Interactive World map of COVID mortality
```{r tmap_death, echo = FALSE}
# Joining the tmap world data and our mortality data using common iso3 name coloumn
data(World)
death_geom <- left_join(health_exp_deaths,World, by = c("iso3c" = "iso_a3"))

# Converting the new dataset into a shape file  
death_geom <- st_as_sf(death_geom)

# Removing NA's from the sf-df: the coloumn gd was missing data when there were no coordinates.
death_geom_clean <- death_geom %>%
  filter(!is.na(gdp_cap_est))
# Changing column name for aesthetic reasons
death_geom_clean$`Healthcare Expenditure` <- death_geom_clean$df_health_conf_categories

# Creating an interactive-map providing health-expenditure data and mortality data based on gradient of colors 
tmap_1 <- tm_shape(death_geom_clean) + 
    tm_polygons("Healthcare Expenditure", palette = "Blues", title = "Healthcare expenditure", contrast =0.5, clustering = FALSE) + tm_text("iso3c", size = 0.5) + 
    tm_shape(death_geom_clean) +
    tm_bubbles("Deaths per 100000",
               border.col = "black", border.alpha = .5, style="fixed",
               breaks=c(0, 50,100,150,200,Inf),
               col="Deaths per 100000",
               n = 6,
               clustering = FALSE,
 title.size="Mortality per 100000", title.col="COVID Mortality") +
    tm_facets(as.layers = TRUE)

#View map with default view options
tmap_mode("view")
tmap_1

```
> **_NOTE:_**  World Map shows countries with varying COVID mortality along with healthcare expenditure data.  

Column {.tabset}
-----------------------------------------


### Boxplot Analysis of Confirmed Cases 

```{r boxplot_cases, echo = FALSE}

#Reading in newly-constructed datafile on health-expenditure in different countries, can see data used in Task4.R File  
health_exp_cases <- readRDS("df_health_expenditure_cases.RDS")

#Created a new column called Deaths per 100000 
health_exp_cases$`Cases per 100000` <- health_exp_cases$cases_per_capita * 100000

#Filtered out rows with NA-values for the health-expenditure category
health_exp_cases <- health_exp_cases %>%
  filter(!is.na(health_exp_cases$df_health_conf_categories))

#Creating boxplot for number of deaths per 100 000 based on health-expenditure category type 
box_2 <- ggplot(health_exp_cases, aes(x=factor(df_health_conf_categories), y=`Cases per 100000`,  fill=factor(df_health_conf_categories)))  +  geom_bar(stat = "identity", na.rm=T) + scale_fill_manual(values = wes_palette("Zissou1")) + labs(y="Cases per 100000",
       x="Healthcare Expenditure by % of GDP",   
       title="COVID confirmed cases rate and Healthcare expenditure by % of GDP") +
  theme(legend.position="none")

box_2
```
**_NOTE:_** The ANOVA test found there was a significant difference between these categories in impacting COVID case count incidence. The post-hoc Tukey test found significant differences for High-Low, Very high-Low and High-Moderate categories and Very high-Moderate categories. 

```{r anova_cases_health, include=FALSE}
#Performing ANOVA and Post-Hoc Tukey Test for Covid Case Data 
one.way_cases <- aov(health_exp_cases$cases_per_capita ~ health_exp_cases$df_health_conf_categories, data = health_exp_cases)
summary(one.way_cases)

tukey.test_healthexp_cases <- TukeyHSD(one.way_cases)
tukey.test_healthexp_cases
```

### Visual Scatterplot of Confirmed Cases
```{r scatterplot_cases, echo = FALSE}
#Creating visual scatterplot of case-count-data for additional/alternate visualization of data 
scatter_2 <- ggplot(health_exp_cases, aes(x = `2021`, y = `Cases per 100000`)) + geom_point(aes(col=df_health_conf_categories)) +
  labs(y="Cases per 100000",
       x="Healthcare Expenditure by % of GDP",   
       title="COVID confirmed cases rate and Healthcare expenditure by % of GDP") +
  guides(col=guide_legend("Healthcare Expenditure"))

scatter_2
```
  

### Interactive World Map of COVID cases
```{r tmap_cases, echo = FALSE}
# Joining the tmap world data and our mortality data using common iso3 name coloumn
data("World")
cases_geom <- left_join(health_exp_cases,World, by = c("iso3c" = "iso_a3"))

# Converting the new dataset into a shape file  
cases_geom <- st_as_sf(cases_geom)

# Removing NA's from the sf-df: the column gd was missing data when there were no coordinates.
cases_geom_clean <- cases_geom %>%
  filter(!is.na(gdp_cap_est))

# Changing column name for aesthetic reasons
cases_geom_clean$`Healthcare Expenditure` <- cases_geom_clean$df_health_conf_categories

# Creating an interactive-map providing health-expenditure data and case-count data based on gradient of colors 
tmap_2 <- tm_shape(cases_geom_clean) + 
    tm_polygons("Healthcare Expenditure", palette = "Blues", title = "Healthcare expenditure", contrast =0.5, clustering = FALSE) + tm_text("iso3c", size = 0.5) + 
    tm_shape(cases_geom_clean) +
    tm_bubbles("Cases per 100000",
               border.col = "black", border.alpha = .5, style="fixed",
               breaks=c(0, 450,4000,10000,30000),
               col="Cases per 100000",
               n = 6,
               clustering = FALSE,
 title.size="Cases per 100000", title.col="COVID Cases") +
    tm_facets(as.layers = TRUE)

#View map with default view options
tmap_mode("view")
tmap_2

```
> **_NOTE:_**  World Map shows countries with varying COVID case count along with healthcare expenditure data.  


Other metrics considered {data-orientation=columns}
======================================================

```{r setup_2, include=FALSE}

#Reading in newly-constructed datafiles for various metrics assessed from Task4.R File  
case_countries2 <- read.csv("case_countries2.csv")
death_countries2 <- read.csv("death_countries2.csv")
df_covid_pop_density.mort <- read.csv("df_covid_pop_densitymort.csv")
df_covid_pop_density <- read.csv("df_covid_pop_density.csv")
df_covid_gini <- read.csv("df_covid_gini.csv")
df_covid_gini_mort <- read.csv("df_covid_gini_mort.csv")
literacy_categories_df_deaths <- read.csv("literacy_categories_df_deaths.csv")
literacy_categories_df <- read.csv("literacy_categories_df.csv")
```



Column {.tabset}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

### Cases by Country Income Group

```{r, echo=FALSE}
#Creating boxplot for number of cases per 100 000 based on country-income category type 
boxplot((case_countries2$cases_per_capita*100000) ~ case_countries2$Income.group, 
        xlab = "Income Group",
        ylab = "Cases per 100000",
        main = "Cases by Country Income Group",
        sub = "Cases Confirmed",
        col = "light pink")
```


### Cases by Country Geographical Region

```{r, echo=FALSE}
#Creating boxplot for number of cases per 100 000 based on geographical region category type 
boxplot((case_countries2$cases_per_capita*100000) ~ case_countries2$Region,
        xlab = "Geographical Region",
        ylab = "Cases per 100000",
        main = "Cases by Country Geographical Region",
        sub = "Cases Confirmed",
        col = "light blue")
```

### Cases by Country Gini

```{r, echo=FALSE}
#Creating boxplot for number of cases per 100 000 based on GINI-index (indicator of inequality) category type 
boxplot((df_covid_gini$cases_per_capita*100000) ~ df_covid_gini$gini_equaltiy, 
        xlab = "Gini",
        ylab = "Cases per 100000",
        main = "Cases by Country Gini",
        sub = "Cases Confirmed",
        col = "light green")
```


### Cases by Country Population Density
```{r, echo=FALSE}
#Creating boxplot for number of cases per 100 000 based on population-density category type 
boxplot((df_covid_pop_density$cases_per_capita*100000) ~ df_covid_pop_density$pop.density_categories,
        xlab = "Population Density",
        ylab = "Cases per 100000",
        main = "Cases by Country Population Density",
        sub = "Cases Confirmed",
        col = "orange")

```

Row  {.tabset}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------



### Deaths by Country Income Group

```{r, echo=FALSE}
#Creating boxplot for number of deaths per 100 000 based on income density category type 
boxplot((death_countries2$cases_per_capita*100000) ~ death_countries2$Income.group,
        xlab = "Income Group",
        ylab = "Deaths per 100000",
        main = "Deaths by Country Income Group",
        sub = "Deaths Confirmed",
        col = "light pink")
```




### Deaths by Country Geographical Region

```{r, echo=FALSE}
#Creating boxplot for number of deaths per 100 000 based on geographical region category type 
boxplot((death_countries2$cases_per_capita*100000) ~ case_countries2$Region,
        xlab = "Geographical Region",
        ylab = "Deaths per 100000",
        main = "Deaths by Country Geographical Region",
        sub = "Deaths Confirmed",
        col = "light blue")
```



### Deaths by Country Gini

```{r, echo=FALSE}
#Creating boxplot for number of deaths per 100 000 based on GINI index category type 
boxplot((df_covid_gini_mort$cases_per_capita*100000) ~ df_covid_gini_mort$gini_equaltiy,
        xlab = "Gini",
        ylab = "Deaths per 100000",
        main = "Deaths by Country Gini",
        sub = "Deaths Confirmed",
        col = "light green")
```

### Deaths by Country Population Density
```{r, echo=FALSE}
#Creating boxplot for number of deaths per 100 000 based on population density category type 
boxplot((df_covid_pop_density.mort$deaths_per_capita*100000) ~ df_covid_pop_density.mort$pop.density_categories,
        xlab = "Population Density",
        ylab = "Deaths per 100000",
        main = "Deaths by Country Population Density",
        sub = "Deaths Confirmed",
        col = "orange")
```



# References

1.	How does the World Bank classify countries? – World Bank Data Help Desk. https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/378834-how-does-the-world-bank-classify-countries.
2.	COVID-19 stats server. COVID-19 stats server https://documenter.getpostman.com/view/5352730/SzYbyxR5.
3.  R Core Team. (2021). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from R Foundation for Statistical Computing website: https://www.r-project.org/